Evaluation of Carbon Dioxide Emission for Ready-Mixed Concrete Production

Abstract

The construction industry contributes significantly to carbon dioxide emissions, with the production of construction materials being the primary source of these emissions. This study examined carbon dioxide emissions across the ready-mixed concrete production process, including emissions from raw material importation, manufacturing operations, and finished product transportation to their final destinations. The findings revealed that the ready-mixed concrete production process alone generates 20,006.93 tCO₂e annually, representing 97.02% of the total carbon dioxide emissions. Emissions from raw material importation and completed product transportation totaled 2.38% and 0.60%, respectively. Over a year, the production of ready-mixed concrete consumes massive amounts of raw materials and energy, resulting in significant carbon emissions. Furthermore, the transportation of raw materials and final products is based on fuel combustion in trucks and concrete mixer vehicles, which contribute significantly to emissions along transportation routes.